Continuum elastic or viscoelastic models for the cell

Cells can be modeled as continuum media if the smallest operative length scale of interest is much larger than the distance over which cellular structure or properties may vary. Continuum description uses a coarse-graining approach that replaces the contributions of the cytoskeleton’s discrete stress fibers to the local microscopic stress-strain relationship with averaged constitutive laws that apply at macroscopic scale. This in turn leads to continuous stress-strain relationships and deformation descriptions that are applicable to the whole cell or cellular compartments. Depending on the dynamic time scale of interest, such continuum description can be elastic or viscoelastic with appropriate complexity. This chapter presents the elastic and viscoelastic continuum multicompartment descriptions of the cell and shows a successful representation of such an approach by implementing finite element-based twoand three-dimensional models of the cell comprising separate compartments for cellular membrane and actin cortex, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. To the extent that such continuum models can capture stress and strain patterns within the cell, it can help relate biological influences of various types of force application and dynamics under different geometrical configurations of